Past Events

The Vienna Chapter #223 was honored by being invited to take part in this very special event held in the imposing Hall of Columns at the Corps de Logis of the former Imperial Palace, which nowadays houses the „Weltmuseum Wien“ (Museum of Ethnology).
In the Entrance Hall the visitors were welcomed by five arrangements from I.I. members of the two schools Ikenobo and Sogetsu.
At the invitation of the Vienna Chapter, the Master Instructor of the Sogetsu School, Sumura Eikou gave a big Ikebana demonstration. Watched by no less than 200 guests, among them the Japanese ambassador to Austria, H.E. Mr. Kiyoshi Koinuma, accompanied by his wife, Mrs. Sumura created 5 arrangements and one large impressive four-part composition.
Paying homage to Austria, Mrs. Sumura chose for her first arrangement as main component two champagne glasses designed by the famous Austrian architect and designer Josef Hoffmann in 1912.
The particular highlight was the plant material generously donated by Japan Flowers and Plants Export Association, My Japan, Flower Auction Japan and Japan Flower & Communications – and specially flown in from Japan. Thus, the public had the opportunity to appreciate flowers and branches never seen in Vienna before.
In addition to the wonderful Japanese plant material Mrs. Sumura used big branches and summer foliage from the gardens of two I.I. members. Her works could be seen on the following day along with the various arrangements created by sixteen I.I. members, who had enjoyed three exciting and eye-opening workshops under the gentle guidance of Mrs. Sumura, the days before.
The very diversified three days program and the vast and magnificent venue proved to be ideal and brought an influx of visitors of all ages to the Japanese Summer Festival, which was highly appreciated and very favourably commented on.

Since the founding of Ichiyo-School it continuously contributed significant inputs of new ideas to the contemporary Ikebana. Linear movement of crossing lines is one of the most significant consideration where one is composing Ikebana.

The topics of the two-day workshops were :

No Kenzan Moribana Style – Using Nageire Techniques

When arranging cornus without leaves in a low container without a kenzan it is nessesary to use techniques that usually apply to nageire. The techniques for support and balance of flowers are the same.

Balance through Imbalance

One has to observe the characteristics of the mass of plants – is the mass (weight) heavy or airy, is the colour dark or light?  Does the mass of plants belong to ”soft mass” or ”strong mass”? The vase can be brought into an inclined position of imbalance by different ways (put something under the vase). In this case the ikebana-artist has to create the balance by arranging two different plants with ”soft mass” and ”strong mass”.

 Make your own container with veneer

It is possible to form a kind of basket with strips of veneer. In the workshop the participants were asked to create a basket-like container with veneer together with cat-tail grasses, by paying particular attention to the harmony of the lines. This harmony is essential as there is no difference between material of basket or material of the arrangement. To achieve airy lightness, only a few flowers should be arranged in an upright style. The participants were deeply impressed by composing Ikebana under the guidance of Ms. Corrie van der Meer-Fischer and Ms. Jeanne Rauwenhoff. The master-instructors and their audience said unanimously that they had learned a lot from each other, and were greatly inspired and their awareness of flowers had intensified.

On the previous day the ikebanists had created a large variety of arrangements using green bamboo canes with a diameter of 5 – 7cm where they had cut out (ichijugiri or nijugiri), or had split the bamboo into strips. Bamboo has to be worked on when its freshly cut, because otherwise it looses elasticity and its typically green colour. It becomes sallow and sometimes fissured.  Along with fresh green bamboo canes, the group utilized bamboo treated with heat and exposed to sunlight in order to turn ochreous. Some of the bamboo containers they had brought from Japan.

The bamboo stalks are hollow and divided in segments. As they turn woody and very hard, but stay elastic, they withstand strong winds and heavy snow load. Bamboo keeps its green leaves in all seasons of the year. This stability and flexibility has always been fascinating to people.  As each segment of the bamboo cane is closed off watertight by a knot or „nudus“, it can be used as a vase. Inside it is void. This characteristic is synonymous for emptiness, the important buddhist concept or the zen-buddhist „nothingness“, „mu“ in Japanese. And how is the relationship between Ikebana, bamboo, „mu“ and the Japanese Spring Festival?

„Friendship through flowers“, the motto of Ikebana International, is an intercultural message which is today more relevant than ever. The original goal of putting flowers in a vase for guests, was to enjoy them. Bamboo highlighted in the I.I. exhibition as well as Ikebana itself originate from Japan. Since the beginning of the Japanese Middle Ages bamboo and Ikebana are closely related with the desire for peace and harmony because of their joint appearance in the tea ceremony. In the „tokonoma“ of the teahouse the philosophical background of the reunion – harmony, dignity, purity and stillness – was originally expressed by the means of a calligraphy and the flower arrangement in bamboo vases. With only one cup of tea passed around, the host and his guests can experience the feeling of oneness and wholeness in the spirit of harmony, dignitiy, purity and stillness.

The teamasters such as the famous Sen no Rikyū prefered vases made of a short bamboo segment to expensive Chinese bronze vessels. Even when vases were fissured, they were not discarded, but kept like Rikyū’s bamboo vase „Onjōji“ exhibited today in the National Museum of Tokyo. Apparently Rikyū took the name for his vase from the fissured bell of the buddhist temple near the lake of Biwa. 

Fissure due to the process of drying, was the element which made Rikyū’s vase unique. And this was more esteemed than perfection and material value. A fissure occurs without human involvement. When bamboo gets fissured, we have to accept this. Rikyū teaches us that esteem can not be diminished, as it does not depend on matter. In Buddhism „nothingness“ designates this open (not depending on anything) awareness. In Japan, it is called „mu“. The „nothingness“ or „void“ is dynamically  filled with an open mind or our rich, not dicriminating „heart“ called „mu shin“.  This open mind of „mu“ enables everyone to comprehend any artistic performance without any barriers of understanding or not-understanding.  In this sense the joy provided by the flowers in the Ikebana compositions has no limits.

“Scrolling up“ derives from the technique of the PC, used when the whole text cannot be seen at once. The user can view data scrolling it up and down, or to the left and right. One may use Japanese scrolls like this if they are very long.

In our workshop „Scrolling up“ is a metaphor referring to the Japanese art of scroll painting with a modern sense. „Scrolling up“ means a dynamic process of information or art.

Our scrolls, made of cloth (about 40 x 70cm) fixed between two bamboo sticks, served as a background for an abstract design in which net-like fabrics (for instance for fruits) had to be used. Particularly, as the motive of the fishing net can be found in the various types of Japanese art for a long time.

„Arrangement with Plants on the Wall“ is a subject of the Sogetsu Curriculum, but in this lesson the arranger has to use just the plain wall as a background for the Ikebana composition. The freestyle „Tapestry Arrangement“is a subject of the Ikenobo Curriculum and has some common points with the topic of „Scrolling“.

Scrolls allowed us to work in a freestyle manner by mainly using various kinds of nets. It was also possible to add dried plant materials or fresh plants with tiny water containers hidden in the nets.  

Mrs. Ilse Neumayer  gave a very informative demonstration of her numerous ideas concerning the technique of using nets in Ikebana.

Twenty-one participants creating a large variety of scrolls with nets, enjoyed visibly this evening with that very special topic.

Jo–ha-kyū virtually dictates each element of Noh-Theatre including compiling of the programme of plays, structuring each play, the songs and the dances within the plays, and the basic rythm within each Noh-performance. Jo means introduction, ha development and kyū conclusion, in addition the concept indicates the gradually increasing tempo: the tempo starts slowly at yo, gets faster at ha and culminates in kyū. In Ikebana these three principles can be incorporated as follows:

jo indicates  the initial phase where the attention of the arranger is  drawn on the theme and the focus is put on the concentration

ha corresponds to the part where the arranger chooses the materials and reflects on the materialization of his ideas

kyū correlates with the final phase in which the arrangement is then quickly done,  more or less in 20 minutes.

Besides the jo-ha-kyū principles, another typically Japanese concept, ma, has to be considered. In music ma means the pauses between the notes and applied to the field of Ikebana, it indicates the contrast between the void or negative space and the fullness of positive space.

Having this information in mind, the 17 members created a large variety of arrangements in which curved lines were the dominating element.

The 2018 Tanabata Festival opened by H. E. Ambassador Koinuma Kiyoshi and his wife, was a great success.  Hundreds of people streamed to the imposing rooms of the Weltmuseum on a wonderful summer day. The entrance hall was reserved only for Ikebana, where the 17 participants of I.I. Vienna Chapter and visitors could enjoy the silence while in the main hall the bustling presentations of Japanese arts like Soranbushi, Iaido, Taiko etc. took place. The magnificent Hall of Colums at the Corps de Logis of the Imperial Palace was the ideal venue for the display of 14 ikebana arrangements and one large group work. Next to the steps leading to this hall the past President Elisabeth Streubel presented a welcoming « Mukae-bana », a scupltural work made with polygonum stems, roses and hydrangeas while next to the steps leading to the exit the new President Eva Dungl had set up a large Ikebana creation expressing a farewell to the visitors.  One I.I. member provided a big arrangement for the speaker’s desk, two others made an arrangement as stage decoration in the lecture hall. A special highlight of the exhibition was a Sogetsu teamwork composition, which showed a very modern interpretation of tsuribana, a style of hanging arrangements. For this purpose, during a special I.I. workshop some weeks before, three metres long white plastic pipes for electric cables were heated and transformed into interestingly shaped containers. The tsuribana of six participants were strung together by using asparagus fern and limonium of white and violet colour. Two members using their self-made plastic pipe containers composed a large arrangement with agapanthus and spirea as floral accent. It was placed on a marble bench covered by a rolled out black tissue. All participants drew inspiration from the spirit of tanabata emphazising particularly the mythology of the stars Wega and Altair. Their colourful free style compositions expressed imposingly the joy of the idea of fulfilled wishes. The I.I. Vienna Chapter is looking forward to participating again in the 2019 Tanabata festival, which will take place among the numerous celebrations commemorating the 150^th Anniversary of the Austria – Japan Diplomatic Relations.

Eva Dungl (I.I. Vienna Chapter): Ms. Noriko Brandl, when and where was the beginning of the Japanese Seasons Festivals where the Ikebana exhibitions and Ikebana demonstrations of the I.I. Vienna Chapter are an integrative component of?

Noriko Brandl: At the beginning of the Japanese Seasons Festival, the anniversary year 2009 marked the celebration of 140 years of diplomatic relations between Japan and Austria. The annual program “Japan for All Seasons” led four events through the anniversary year in the Weltmuseum Wien (Museum of Ethnology). Due to the great success, the festivals continued to take place with the participation of the societies of Japanese cultural tradition based in Austria and the Japanese School in Vienna. From then on, the various societies of Japanese art and culture combined a dense network, which also included and maintained a friendly relationship with the Japanese Embassy.

Eva Dungl (I.I. Vienna Chapter): What makes the success of these popular events?

Noriko Brandl: Our Japanese seasonal festivals are for all people, adults and children. It should appeal to the whole family and access to the arts in the hands-on program should not be difficult. In the beginning, getting to know the arts is for everyone. The festivals offer, because they take place again and again every new and getting to know each other is deepened. Japanese culture is not shown from one side, but from the perspective of the different arts. Hosts and guests meet again and again during the repeated festivals, so they can learn from the artists, who are also teachers.

  For the Japanese Spring Festival 2018 in the city of Baden near Vienna invited the ÖJG (Austrian Japanese Society) together with the Cultural Office of the city of Baden. S. E. Ambassador Koinuma Kiyoshi and his wife opened the festival and attended all performances of the Japanese Arts. The Spring Festival took place in time for the 3rd of March (the third day of the third month), where Japan celebrates hina matsuri, the Girls’ Festival or the Doll’s Festival. The weather is gradually warming at this time of blooming nature and it is especially dedicated to the girls. In Austria, getting to know the Japanese arts and their performance in the context of the family party comes to the fore. In Baden these included the performances of the music of the Koto, Shamisen, Taiko drums and Japanese songs. There was an opportunity to experience the sword art Iaidō up close and prepare a cup of tea in the tea ceremony. The hands-on program included kimono dressing, origami folding and calligraphy. The rooms of the theater were designed by the exhibitions of Ikebana International Vienna Chapter and Bonsai Club Vienna.

What would a Japanese Spring Festival be without spring flowers?   The pink flowering peach blossom, the yellow rapeseed blossom and the pink quince, which flourished in Japan at the time of the Girls’ Festival, are not yet blooming in Austria at this time. The Ikebana artists like to use other pink and yellow spring flowers to spread the atmosphere of young awakening nature with their pure, bright freshness. Eleven members of Ikebana International Vienna Chapter created a handsome exhibition of 37 arrangements. Part of the exhibition was dedicated to the narcissus and the special technique of putting this flower. Their diverse forms were expressed in a special, jointly arranged sequence of arrangements. This is a specialty called renka, designed by members of the Sogetsu School. Like the verses of a Japanese string poem (renga) composed by several participants, the individual arrangements should harmoniously relate to each other and form a unity.

The Vienna Chapter was honored that the Japanese Ambassador to Austria, Mr. Kioshi Koinuma, accompanied by his wife and the Head of the Japanese Culture and Information Center, Mr. Kei Iwabuchi, not only took the time to view all the 55 arrangements displayed, but also made the opening address. In her welcoming speech the President, Mrs. Elisabeth Streubel, evoked the history of I.I. and in particular emphasized the motto that international friendship and good will can be fostered by flowers.

From 12th to 14th October visitors had the opportunity to deepen their understanding of the pleasure, richness and beauty of Ikebana. The exhibits, mirroring each individual ikebanist, ranged from gorgeous traditional Ikenobo compositions to eye-catching modern works done on a big scale.

Particularly interesting was the co-operation between several arrangers and artists, e.g. the painter Karim El Seroui providing a large abstract painting and the potter Justine Wohlmuth offering her big-sized genuinely looking ceramic containers.

Guests were able under guidance to have a go at creating a simple and enjoyable take-away Ikebana arrangement in vessels, which for this particular purpose had been produced beforehand in a special I.I. meeting. Two I.I. members conducted guided tours explaining the different arrangements from the three schools represented: Ichiyo, Ikenobo and Sogetsu. To everyone’s delight, the chosen venue proved to be ideal and brought an influx of visitors of all ages to the show, which was highly appreciated and very favorably commented on.

Following the opening address of the Chapter President Elisabeth Streubel, the guest of honour, Counsellor Suzuki Hideo, gave a very well prepared speech on the evolution of the Japanese society within the last 3 decades. He particularly emphasized the contribution of ikebana to the equal rights of women in Japan. Afterwards Helga Wolf, the daughter of the still active founding member Hilde Wolf, in her speech, put the focus on the origins and intentions of Ikebana International 60 years ago and gave a brief history of the Vienna Chapter. The young Austro-Japanese musician, Aseo Friesacher, provided the musical frame to the opening ceremony. Mr. Suzuki was given the honour of the ribbon cutting, which in this case was a ribbon of autumn flowers. On the following 3 days numerous visitors could appreciate more than
50 different arrangements including several large sculptural works. The event, in which 21 members from 3 Schools had participated, was a great success and many enthusiastic encouragements were received.

Ikebana International Vienna Chapter presented the arrangements in a large room together with Bonsai art. In front of the stage for the performances there was a big arrangement by Vienna Chapter. Additionally, the following performances were presented to the interested public.

• Koto (Fuyuki Enokido)
• Japanese songs (Surugadai-Chor)
• Shamisen (Masanoshō Uno)
• Iaidō (Seishinkan Dōjō)
• Nihon Jūjutsu (Kokusai Budōin Austria)
• Traditionell Japanese dance
• Origami, Kalligraphy
• tea ceremony (Seishinkan Dōjō)
• Anesama-ningyo exhibition (Kazumi Nakayama)
• Ikebana exhibition (Ikebana International)
• Bonsai exhibition (Bonsaiclub Wien)
• The audience enjoyed Japanese sushi and mochi.

The event was a big success and was visited by more than 300 people.

Saturday, 24 May 2014

Ikebana demonstration by Corrie van der Meer-Fischer und Jeanne Rauwenhoff (I.I. Netherland Chapter).

Creation of a basket container by webbing of the type „Wiener Geflecht“ („Viennese web“).

Arranging the Ikebana in the webbing with typha leaves, hosta leaves, wicker and freesia.

Sunday, 25 May 2014

Lecture and demonstration by Corrie van der Meer-Fischer and Jeanne Rauwenhoff about the Japanese flower basket, hanakago: Types of baskets and basics for arranging in Japanese flower baskets.

Arranging in traditional types of hanakago with flowers and grasses from nearby fields. The participants brought a variety of old, traditional and modern baskets with them. By using them they could study the parts of the basket’s body, different shapes and patterns with the view on their objects.

In former days Hinamatsuri was also called festival of woman (onna no sekku). The flowers and branches of our arrangements emphasized hair curls and plaits, long open hair of a young girl or hair-style of a woman. We gave them the titles „bijin – beauty“, „girl arranges her hair“, „fragrant hair“, „hair in the wind of the spring“, „The famous poetess Ono no Komachi“, „woman with fan“, „natural blond“ and so on.

450 visitors were amused by the diverse program.

Through the methodical meditative training in Ikebana or Haiku one can take a closer look at one’s own everyday life and smaller aspects of the surrounding world. With the mental development of close concentration, feelings of bliss and happiness are evoked. In fact one visitor to the exhibition said: “To look at all these Ikebana here was like a therapy for me“.

The chairlady of Austrian Haiku Association (Österreichische Haiku Gesellschaft) and authoress of numerous books, Petra Sela says: “Beyond each Haiku there is often the whole history of one’s own life. But the speaker of the poem avoids a statement in the first-person“. More than thirty Ikebana arrangements in Ikenobo and Sogetsu style told us: If plants of early summer grow, then it is early summer

It was a private initiative and luckily enough Eva Dungl, the current president of the I.I. Chapter Vienna, was also interested and offered to provide the rooms needed for this event. It may be interesting to note here that the workshop took place in the same building that was used as staging area during the Iemoto’s visit and demonstration at the Voelkerkunde-Museum in October of 2009. Also at that time Eva had provided the space.

We were lucky that Jeanne and Corrie accepted to go on this long trip. The general theme of the workshops was to work without Kenzan. The materials used were thick and thin bamboo and a hana kubari, using branches from a ‘Felsenbirne’ (Amelanchier) of our garden. The workshops were well received by 15 participants from three different schools. It was a successful event in the true spirit of ‘friendship through flowers’ and I would like to personally express my sincere thanks to Jeanne and Corrie. I also should express thanks in the name of the other participants – they were all excited and impressed by the way Jeanne and Corrie were teaching, maintaining a relaxed atmosphere.

Ikebana International Vienna Chapter #223 proudly presented the commemorative publication „Ikebana International Vienna Chapter – Die ersten 25 Jahre“ („First 25 Years“) at the opening ceremony of the exhibition „Wald/Baum/Mensch“ (forest/tree/human) as an activity in the „International year of forest“ proclaimed by United Nations.

Members of our board and other authors had worked together to create this book on the history of Ikebana in Austria to celebrate the Vienna Chapter’s 25th Anniversary. More than 150 people came to the opening.

The theme of the exhibition was interpreted by 15 members who took part, in addition to a central group Sogetsu arrangement, based on birch trees. The 28 arrangements ranged in style from classic to modern, with representatives of the Sogetsu, Ichiyo, Misho and Ikenobo schools. As in the past, there was great interest from the general public on all three days.

On Friday and Saturday Mrs. Eva Dungl did two interesting guided tours on the meaning of “sky-human-earth” in the art of Ikebana for the general public.

On Saturday and Sunday two introductory Sogetsu courses were held by Mrs. Sachiko Schmid assisted by our members. Both were fully booked, with 15 and 14 participants, showing a growing interest in Japanese culture, and Ikebana in particular, among the Viennese public.

If one compares Bonsai and Ikebana one can find common characteristics or differences like transience of beauty in nature.

On the other hand the traditional connection between ikebana and calligraphy was presented in the harmony of a special layout of a modern „Gesamtkunstwerk“, textile movable walls with the Chinese images on it and ikebana in front of these walls. Yu Feng, lector of the University, wrote the Chinese letters for mountains, waters and their sounds directly on the blue cotton using archaic characters, tensho, shinsho and sôsho. “To hear the rain” and other topics on the sound of nature means to understand (the nature). That’s why in Asia painters wanted to express the hearing of sounds in pictures and characters until the Tang dynasty. Thirteen members of Ikebana International Vienna Chapter presenting Ikenobo-, Misho- and Sogetsu-School emphasized the expression of these texts in their arrangements. The Sogetsu arrangements were free styled, Ikenobo-School was presented by a very beautyful rikka shinputai and landscape shoka, and three Misho arrangements were made in the aesthetic system of shin – gyô – sô.

In the centre of the flower exhibition in the marvellous Columned Hall the Ikebana of the demonstration of Iemoto Kasuya was the absolute highlight. Iemoto Kasuya liked to work with the bamboo organized by the members of Vienna Chapter. He used it as material, container and furniture.

A very special interior decoration construction made by the Iemoto was presented to the Austrian people for the first time at a demonstration “hana kazari”: a rack-like stand for ikebana which is rooting in the room display diagram of the formal reception room of the residences. All containers in the hana kazari were made of fresh green bamboo: a vase, lying bamboo, lying double container, hanging container with a bamboo ring and the use of the bamboo that is part of the rack as vase. After arranging the various ikebana the Iemoto placed them in the hana kazari emphasizing the space between them.

Akihiro Kasuya, whose speciality is combining materials through a natural balance of their weights, showed willow branches standing in a piece of bamboo. The Viennese public was amazed by the hanging hana kago as well as by the bamboo umbrellas which return to mind empress “Sisi” and the companion she favoured on her walks. Through balancing the three umbrellas with vases they gave the impression of not being bound by gravity in contrast to the heavy columns between which they were hanging.

In the middle of the Columned Hall surrounded by over two hundred guests Iemoto Kasuya aided throughout the whole demonstration by his assistant Kasumi Saito placed a huge ikebana within a construction made of bamboo and wood. The public very attentively watched the great demonstration accompanied by calm sounds of nature and melodies for over two hours.

The workshop on 10 October was a big success with many participants – there were forty people interested in learning Ichiyo-Ikebana. Iemoto Akihiro Kasuya assisted by Kasumi Saito showed all participants (from beginners to teachers) the fundamental techniques and school forms using branches and flowers as well as working creatively with bamboo. The participants could use a wide range of branches like willow, hazel-tree and bamboo as well as different chrysanthemums, lilies and other flowers which had been prepared by the Vienna team-members. Iemoto Akihiro Kasuya personally discussed all works with the respective creator.

 Mrs. Sachiko Schmid in her kind and lively manner worked as a translator and helped with the explanations. During the workshop visitors were also allowed to watch the participants. The exhibition was complemented by many works created during the workshop.

After these three days all participants were very happy to have experienced this great event. We will always remember the good cooperation during the preparation, the demonstration, the exhibition and the workshop by the Japanese and Austrian members – a true example of the motto of Ikebana International “Friendship through Flowers”.

In addition to the theme the participants tried to create arrangements fitting to the material (marble) and colours of the beautiful surroundings. 17 participants from 5 different schools (Ichiyo, Ikenobo, Ohara, Misho, Sogetsu) took part in the exhibition. In addition to the free-style arrangements, each school was represented with a typical school-form and a descriptive text. A great variety of traditional as well as modern arrangements were presented to the public. The museum put on display a number of traditional containers, baskets and diverse fastenings used by the different schools from its own large Japanese collection. In the center of the hall the Sogetsu participants jointly created a bamboo installation fitting to the colors and shapes of the floor.

On Friday evening the exhibition was ceremoniously opened by the Director of the Japanese Center for Information and Culture (also First Secretary of the Embassy) Mr. Tomonobu Hori. The audience was also addressed by the organisator of the exhibition “Made in Japan”, Mrs. Mag. Renate Noda and the president of I.I. Austria Mrs. Eva Dungl.

On Saturday and Sunday there were guided tours where visitors were informed about the specific characteristics of each school. Additionally demonstrations of Ikenobo and Sogetsu were held on both days. Delegates from a Misho school exhibition which took place in the Japanese culture center visited our exhibition as well.

We were pleased to welcome also participants from Graz and Bratislawa, in total over 30 people attended.

On late Saturday afternoon Atsuko Bersma held a demonstration where she prepared 5 Ikebana in free style fitting to the themes. After that the exhibition of the Ikebana of the two days was opened to the public by the director oft he Cultural Institute of the Japanese Embassy in Vienna, Mr. Hajime Senoo and I.I. Vienna President, Ms. Helga Komaz.  The exhibition showed Ikebana within the beautiful rooms of the castle as well as outside in the scenic garden and mor than 250 people came to see them. In addition to Sogetsu also members of I.I. Vienna of the schools Ikenobo and Ichiyo were represented and the lively engaged discussions demonstrated the motto „Friendship through Flowers“.